APA 7th, MLA 9th, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, IEEE, OSCOLA — complete guides with worked examples, format tables, and common mistakes your marker will notice.
Complete style manuals with format rules, worked examples, and discipline guidance.
The definitive guide to APA 7. In-text citations, reference list formatting, DOI rules, what changed from 6th edition, and worked examples across source types.
Citation StyleMLA's container model explained, Works Cited vs. bibliography, in-text parenthetical format, signal phrases, and how to handle digital and multimedia sources.
Citation StyleFootnote and endnote conventions, bibliography format, ibid. and short-title subsequent references, and when to use N-B versus Author-Date format.
Citation StyleIn-text parenthetical format, reference list construction, how Author-Date differs from Notes-Bibliography, and which disciplines use it.
Citation StyleWhy there is no single Harvard standard, how UK university variations work, author-date in-text format, reference list rules, and navigating institutional differences.
Citation StyleNumbered superscript citations, reference list by order of appearance, PubMed and MEDLINE conventions, and worked examples for clinical and nursing sources.
Citation StyleNumbered in-text references, IEEE reference list format, how to cite standards, patents, conference papers, and software — the engineer's citation reference.
Citation StyleHow to cite cases, statutes, secondary sources, and EU law under OSCOLA. Pinpoint citations, neutral citations, and the logic of the footnote-only system.
Citation StyleThe humanities footnote system favoured by UK literature and language programmes. Full and shortened subsequent footnotes, bibliography construction, and archival sources.
Citation StyleEt al. rules, same-author same-year disambiguation with letters, quoting with page numbers, block quotations, personal communications, and paraphrase conventions.
Cross-style guides for the most commonly cited source formats.
Side-by-side format tables across APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver. Print vs. online, DOI vs. URL, volume/issue notation, and e-ahead-of-print articles.
Source TypeBooks, edited volumes, chapters, multi-volume works, and translated texts — formatted across APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard with worked examples for each.
Source TypeWebsites, social media posts, online reports, government pages, and multimedia. How to handle missing dates, authors, and URLs that change — across all major styles.
Source TypeCiting published and unpublished dissertations, institutional repositories, ProQuest Dissertations, EThOS, and grey literature across APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard.
Academic IntegrityThe difference between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarising; what self-plagiarism is; what Turnitin detects; and the citation practices that protect your academic integrity.
Standard for psychology, education, and social sciences. Emphasises recency via year-prominent citations.
Full guide →Favoured in literature and humanities. Page-prominent — locates the specific passage, not the publication date.
Full guide →History and arts standard. Footnotes allow contextual commentary alongside citation — notes are part of the argument.
Full guide →Widely required across UK universities. No single official publisher — institutional variants exist and must be checked.
Full guide →Medical and health science standard. Numbered by order of appearance — preserves narrative flow in clinical writing.
Full guide →UK legal citation standard. Cases, statutes, and secondary sources follow a distinct logic from all other academic styles.
Full guide →Let our scholar-level writers handle the referencing alongside the writing — formatted to your institution's exact style requirements.
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